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The Prayer Book Rebellion, Prayer Book Revolt, Prayer Book Rising, Western Rising or Western Rebellion ((コーンウォール語:Rebellyans an Lyver Pejadow Kebmyn)) was a popular revolt in Devon and Cornwall in 1549. In that year, the Book of Common Prayer, presenting the theology of the English Reformation, was introduced. The change was widely unpopular – particularly in areas of still firmly Catholic religious loyalty (even after the Act of Supremacy in 1534) such as Lancashire.''(needed )'' Along with poor economic conditions, the attack on the Catholic Church led to an explosion of anger in Devon and Cornwall, initiating an uprising. In response, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, sent Lord John Russell with an army composed partly of German and Italian mercenaries to suppress the revolt. ==Background== One probable cause of the Prayer Book Rebellion is the religious changes recently implemented by the government of the new king, Edward VI. In the late 1540s, Lord Protector Somerset, on behalf of the young king, introduced a range of legislative measures as an extension of the Reformation in England and Wales, the primary aim being to change theology and practices, particularly in areas of traditionally Roman Catholic religious loyalty - for example, in Cornwall and Devon.〔Philip Payton, ''Cornwall'', Fowey: Alexander Associates, 1996〕 When traditional religious processions and pilgrimages were banned, commissioners were sent out to remove all symbols of Catholicism, in line with Thomas Cranmer's religious policies favouring Protestantism ever more. In Cornwall, this task was given to William Body, whose perceived desecration of religious shrines led to his murder on 5 April 1548, by William Kylter and Pascoe Trevian at Helston.〔 This pressure on the lower classes was compounded by the recent poll tax on sheep.〔M.W Beresford, "The Poll Tax and Census of Sheep, 1549", ''Agricultural History Review'' 1(1), p 9〕 This would have affected the region significantly, the West Country being an area of sheep farming.〔Barrett L. Beer, "Rebellion and Riot: Popular Disorder in England During the Reign of Edward VI" Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qc3kKakrbTUC〕 Rumours circulating that the tax would be extended to other livestock may have increased the discontent.〔Jordan, p 463〕 A damaged social structure then meant this local uprising was not sufficiently dealt with by landowners nearby. The Marquess of Exeter, a large landowner in Sampford Courtenay, had recently been attainted. His successor, Lord Russell, was based in London and rarely came out to his land. It is possible this created a lack of local power, that would have normally been expected to quell the revolt.〔W.K Jordan, "Edward VI: The Young King" London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1968, p 455–458〕 It is possible that the roots of the rebellion can be traced back to Cornwall's own ancient wish for independence from England, meaning they were loath to accept new laws from a central government geographically distant from them.〔Mark Stoyle, "The Cornish: A Neglected Nation?", http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/cornish_nation_01.shtml#four〕 More recently, the Cornish Rebellion of 1497 and the subsequent destruction of monasteries from 1536 through to 1545 under King Henry VIII had brought an end to the formal scholarship, supported by the monastic orders, that had sustained the Cornish and Devonian cultural identities. The dissolution of Glasney College and Crantock College played a significant part in fomenting opposition to future cultural reforms. It has been argued that the Catholic Church had "proved itself extremely accommodating of Cornish language and culture" and that government attacks on the traditional religion had reawakened the spirit of defiance in Cornwall, and in particular the majority Cornish-speaking far west.〔Mark Stoyle, "The dissidence of despair: rebellion and identity in early modern Cornwall." ''Journal of British Studies'', vol. 38, 1999, pp. 423–444〕 Immediate retribution followed with the execution of twenty-eight Cornishmen at Launceston Castle. One execution of a "traitor of Cornwall" occurred on Plymouth Hoe—town accounts give details of the cost of timber for both gallows and poles. Martin Geoffrey, the pro-Catholic priest of St Keverne, near Helston, was taken to London. After execution, his head was impaled on a staff erected upon London Bridge as was customary.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Prayer Book Rebellion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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